Dan Bednarz
A year ago I asked, “How to understand health care’s inability to recognize that modern society has reached the limits to growth?”[i] Since then I’ve unsuccessfully attempted to write on the urgent and bedeviling question, “What are the nuts and bolts of organizing a “small is beautiful” health system?” Here I want to lay the ground for exploring this second question while weaving in final comments on the first question.
One trouble with this second question is identifying and mapping the welter of dynamic forces at work. Equally significant, the question implies that we can rationally transition to an end-state of a viable health system. This may still be possible, but it becomes less likely the longer the current culture of over-consuming/toxic waste-dumping/unequally distributing finite and overexploited resources hangs on.
In the lower energy, resource constrained, ecosystem degraded/destroyed and environmentally hazardous world we are entering complex high-tech medicine will contract or collapse, and modern public health is challenged to reorganize –it actually must in some senses expand!- or collapse. Of this there is no doubt.
Socioeconomically, reaching the limits to growth means the impossibility of repaying accumulated debt and that massive unemployment will worsen under current institutional conditions. Politically we are witnessing governments not only caught up in a contraction of tax and revenue bases, but utterly failing and concomitantly repressing their citizens so as to maintain –and deepen- class inequalities and support for too big to fail private entities. This is the antithesis of resilience.
One looks in vain at mainstream health journals –JAMA, NEJM, The Lancet, American J. of Public Health, etc.- for discussion and analysis of how the thermodynamic, ecological, political, financial, and socioeconomic/class conflict predicaments in which humanity is enmeshed affect health systems. To the extent these issues are considered in these journals, they are treated separately –like boutique items- and as matters of risk management in the context of weathering the Great Recession (hoping growth will restart).
Virtually nowhere in these journals are the primal issues of protecting the health of the public and maintaining the viability of health systems in a wealth-destroying[ii] industrial economy so much as broached. For example, recent treatments of the health system collapse ongoing in Greece imply the cause is the so-called Great Recession that has led governments to choose to impose austerity. In realpolitik, the European Union, ECB and IMF are shaking their pepper spray cans to douse Greece as a (futile) intimidation of Italy, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain. To posit austerity as a manifestation of a class conflict response to ecological overshoot in health policy analysis is to guarantee being ignored by “serious” analysts and policy makers, all of whom are devoted to incremental change and never questioning governments’ utilitarian pretensions. But this status quo framing of the issues will become irrelevant as Greece et al. are cannibalized to preserve current distributions of wealth, status and power –albeit to no lasting avail.
The health sciences fail to recognize that –like all modern institutions during the 20th century- they have expanded and become socially and technologically complex upon a foundation of natural resource abundance and the earth’s ability to absorb waste and toxic insults from modern society. This growth was anomalous, not irrepressible and infinite; indeed, it tracks in unison with the availability of fossil fuels, especially oil. Until recently energy was cheap and seemed limitless, as did other natural resources; climate change risks remain “political,” not corporeal and existential. The overexploitation of natural resources and population growth should be apparent and frightening, but they are not; and wastes and pollution continue to be –from a grossly misguided economic growth point of view- “externalized” or “discounted” for future generations to gag on.
What would the institutional leaders of public health, nursing and medicine do if they were to recognize that our culture is at the climax stage[iii] of resource consumption and beginning to enter the collapse/release phase of ecological overshoot? It has finally sunk into my being that they would view this as a threat to their grip on power, not as a spur to courageous action. They have one-track minds, which means no experiential knowledge, intellectual rationale, ethical foundation or incentive/reward structure to contemplate reducing complexity and conserving resources (efficiency is purposefully left off this list as inadequate and in many instances counterproductive). In fact, most will find the arrantly imperative ideas of massive conservation and complexity reductions abhorrent signs of failure –again, a threat to their power and sense of their legacy.
These leaders have been educated in inwardly focused decision sciences and socialized in the Game Theory version of the Prisoner’s Dilemma, topped off with a heaping portion of Machiavellian bureaucratic politics. These bodies of knowledge are reflections of a social construction of reality that prevents them from considering, let alone coming to terms with thermodynamic and ecological realities that underlie the functioning of all modern institutions. The further we descend into crisis the less germane and more pernicious such socially constructed bodies of knowledge become.
Is this a hopeless situation? No, but it is a dire one because those with institutional power, who control the distribution of human and natural resources, lack the worldview (intellectual and experiential knowledge, ethics, sensibilities, intuition) to do the right thing.
To summarize, the current growth-centered paradigm in the health sciences –and modern industrial culture- produces knowledge and ethics designed for dominion over nature, social control exercised through class conflict and perpetual economic growth. This knowledge has always been absurd, but now it is bad knowledge because the natural resource base, waste sinks and ostensibly vast ecosystem services that allowed it to flourish have become limiting factors. On the other hand, reaching the limits to growth is the root metaphor of knowledge and ethics based upon a realistic appreciation of humanity’s place in nature. This is the good knowledge upon which to reorganize modern culture. Put differently, there is a mismatch between the institutional power vested in the bad knowledge of growth-based systems and the embryonic power of good knowledge organized around such metaphors as reaching the limits to growth and “Small Is Beautiful.”
Mutatis mutandis, a commenter on the world of philanthropy describes the dilemma of the health sciences:
“In the end, philanthropy wants the wrong thing. It may think that it ought to want what the lovers-of-nature want, but its actions reveal that, come what may, it loves other things first: the maintenance of its privileges, the survival of its self-identity, and the stability of the social and economic systems that made it possible in the first place.”[iv]
That’s enough about why those running the health sciences will lose their grip as the forces of nature destroy and then reshape human institutions. I am hopeful (well, it’s more like a spiritually sustaining fantasy) that health systems and the master political and economic institutions that control them deteriorate at the right pace to make our collective situation desperate enough that citizens realize that we’re in a post-growth world and take action before large-scale collapse occurs.
Other narratives are in competition with the end of growth/ecological overshoot one I’m proffering. They are typified, on the one hand, by a plethora of new books on how “in a few short years” all our energy, socioeconomic and environmental problems will be resolved by the market and technological breakthroughs and, on the other hand, by appeals to the divisionary and insidious scapegoating and xenophobic propensities of humanity.
Above all else, human adaptability and decency should not be discounted, especially as the phase change from climax to collapse –however dimly perceived or intuited- spreads the insight/gut feeling that there are no mainstream, incremental, conventional problems solutions for the gyre of predicaments we face. Bluntly, people do stupid, lazy, vengeful, wicked, self-destructive, self-interested and delusional things; nonetheless, they are capable of incredible feats of collective action, creativity, insight and survival. To oversimplify a bit, it all depends upon how they define the situations they are in.
The nascent paradigmatic and mythological revolution (a new social construction of reality) in health care and public health largely is coming from below and from outside, and not at all from the top. It is taking place in a larger context of the de-legitimization and failure of existing institutional arrangements. This paradigm shift is what I want to contribute to in future essays.
[i] Bednarz, Dan. “As health care fails, Part I: Power, knowledge and resistance.” Energy Bulletin, May 12, 2011. http://energybulletin.net/stories/2011-05-12/health-care-fails-part-i-power-knowledge-and-resistance.
[ii] It’s in one sense a fiction to speak of wealth destruction when money is involved because money is a claim on the goods, services, and material stuff wealth can purchase. Furthermore, wealth can be defined beyond the confines of monetary valuation.
[iii] Gunderson, Lance H. and C.S. Holling, Panarchy: Understanding Transformations In Human And Natural Systems. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 2002.
[iv] White, Curtis. “The Philanthropic Complex.” Jacobin, Spring 2012. http://jacobinmag.com/spring-2012/the-philanthropic-complex/.
8 comments
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May 30, 2012 at 2:50 pm
Peter
When my father was a child in the UK in the pre-war years – the 1930s – he can remember a “small is beautiful” healthcare system which worked like this:
The family physician lived within walking distance of his patients (and vice versa) so it was easy for patients to come to the office or, when it was needed, for the doctor to make house calls, without needing any elaborate transportation arrangements. There was no organized health insurance from private insurance companies or the State, although there were some ad-hoc arrangements made by some local employers and the local freemasons’ lodges. If you didn’t belong to any of those, you would pay the doctor a pound a week (in modern currency equivalent, let’s say 10 US dollars). The money would be collected by the doctor’s boy who would probably receive a small percentage for his trouble. This entitled you to access the doctor’s services if you fell sick. It sounds primitive by modern standards, but it was small, beautiful, efficient, sustainable and it worked.
May 31, 2012 at 11:45 am
Goodbye to Bad Knowledge — Financial Press
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May 31, 2012 at 1:04 pm
MedievalFuture (@MedievalFuture)
I too live in the UK, and had doctors like that until about 10/15 years ago who made house calls as a matter of routine, day or night. They were good kind and well meaning,, but any intervention beyond minor surgery or medication meant hospital.
going back 70 years was not a time of medical perfection, it was extremely dangerous. Before penicillin, any infection could kill you, even a scratch from a rose thorn was a source of deadly infection. It was small—but not beautiful efficient or sustainable. If you survived, it worked. For millions it didnt work.
We live on this planet courtesy of bacteria. They are unaware of us, we are all too aware of them. they could get along perfectly well without us, without them we would die within days. They were here before us, and will still be here when we’ve departed.
However, we have spent a century or so trying to kill them off through our obsession with ultra cleanliness; essential in hospitals of course, but our war on bacteria has provided the evolutionary boost to them. We cleared trillions of weaker bacteria leaving the field clear for stronger ones to thrive and multiply. Every new ‘war’ had the same effect, to make bacteria more powerful.
We are now at our limits for devising new killing methods for bacteria, they have grown too strong for us, our weapons now longer work
Our wars at the bacterial level have been driven by the same forces as at human level, every aspect of medical intervention is driven by primary energy input. when those inputs fail, the newly powerful bacteria will return in overwhelming force.
June 1, 2012 at 3:55 pm
Shaun Chamberlin
Hi Dan,
Just wondering whether you’ve come across the Dark Mountain Journal – http://dark-mountain.net/ ? Thinking that your perspectives might well be welcome there, and useful to the readers.
Shaun
ps Thanks for your help with what ended up becoming my book, The Transition Timeline, all those years ago.
June 1, 2012 at 6:28 pm
shomon
hi,
At Aureasocial, right next to Sagrada familia we have started a cooperative project in an ex health space that tries to reexamine healthcare, employment, housing and many other aspects of life that need reexamining now that people are unemployed and healthcare is being cut for all foreign nationals thereby taking the entire system near collapse as emergency services start getting all the people who can no longer go to local clinics.
In terms of healthcare, the group is called sha: salud holistica autogestionada: holistic self organised health. It works via donations, a crowdfunded clinic space and preventative and alternative health, and on the IT level we plan to use gnu health for histories and to link up with other self managed services on the other floors of the aureasocial building.
If you’d like to know more, please have a look at some of the articles written about the also crowdfunded “self organised public services manual” called Rebelaos that came out in April and contained the theoretical background – wanting to extend the democratic, participatory aspects of the acampadas from last year to actually put them into practice in our daily lives. Also I’m happy to chat, and we have a few videos in english….
A pleasure to discover your blog. We have a long way to go, but the journey is enjoyable in good company,
Ale
June 3, 2012 at 6:31 am
The Parasitic War Profiteers Continue to Grow while the Masses are Targeted for Austerity « Collapse of Industrial Civilization
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June 14, 2012 at 3:06 pm
Giovanni Leonardi
thanks for your analysis, this resonates with my thinking, and clarifies many aspects more clearly than I have been able to think or write about. I have worked in public health focusing on environmental aspects, and I have faced exactly the same absence of serious engagement by leaders in the health professions that you describe. I had attributed this to two sorts of “conceptual distance”: the distance of clinicians from public health in general, and that of public health leaders involved in helping manage health services from environmental health in particular. Both of these may account for lack of a positive response among most active health leaders (I have noticed several retired health leaders become very explicit about the urgency of action once they have lost their power to influence such actions). Your point about power seems well taken, but I would add two considerations:
– first, although it is true that contemplation of a reduction in resources can be a threat to anybody attached to their institutional power, I would suggest the lack of conceptual understanding of how to direct systems away from growth also contributed to the passivity. In other words, a systemic conceptual failure going beyond health plays a role, and the lack of education about environmental health with its physical and social dimensions also contributes to a lack of familiarity of most decision makers in health with key concepts required to think about the current situtation;
– second, the tension between directing health systems toward sustainability and keeping them on a “collapse” course applies to all involved, and not simply the budget holders. In other words, health care practitioners at the “bottom” (as you call it) may be just as unable to contribute to a new course for health care and public health, as those at the top. This may be linked to a shared lack of experiences and education that would motivate development of creative solutions.
Anyway, I particularly liked your reference to the “scapegoating and xenophobic propensities of humanity”, and I wish to could elaborate on that aspect in future posts.
June 14, 2012 at 3:10 pm
Giovanni Leonardi
Dan and whoever might be interested: I tried to raise awareness on some of this at a seminar on “Public health services facing the twin challenges of climate change and peak oil” (where I present also some of the economic consequences of the current ecological situation) given at Oxford University, part of a series on “Health, Environment and Development”
(slides available at: http://lshtm.academia.edu/giovannileonardi/Talks/72246/Public_health_services_facing_the_twin_challenges_of_climate_change_and_peak_oil)